Abstract The development potential of byproducts from wastes of grape processing can be a promising alternative due to environmental questions. Moreover, there is the possibility of using this material in the development of products with added value. In this study, the wastes of grape skin (GSk), grape seed (GSe), and defatted grape seed with skin fragments (DGS) from ‘Ives noir’ grape (Vitis labrusca L.), grown under organic farming conditions, had their chemical composition and physical-chemical properties evaluated. Parameters of chemical composition, contents of phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins, flavonoids, and minerals, the antioxidant capacity, and water sorption capacity were evaluated. The wastes of grape were also analyzed by FTIR and TG/DTG. All residues had a high fiber content (54.1 - 74.3 wt.%), the DGS waste had the highest contents of phenolic compounds as flavonoids, and the GSk waste had the highest content of total anthocyanins. Antioxidant capacity values were higher in the ABTS+ method, with no statistical difference. On the other hand, in the DPPH antioxidant assay, the DGS and GSe wastes had higher antioxidant activity; these wastes also had greater thermal stability. The GSk waste had the highest water sorption capacity. The results show that the wastes from grape processing have the potential to be reused in applications with more value added.

Abstract Cunila galioides Benth. is an aromatic and medicinal plant widely used in the traditional medicine of South Brazil. The essential oil of one of its chemotypes has high citral contents, an oxygenated monoterpene used in perfumery, cosmetics, and food industries. The seeds of C. galioides have low germination percentages and there are few studies regarding its vegetative propagation. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate distinct indole-3-butyric acid concentrations (0 - control, 250, 500, and 1,000 mg∙L-1) on the rooting of herbaceous cuttings of C. galioides and different methods (gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate, and stratification) to overcome a possible dormancy in the seeds. In vegetative propagation, the use of indole-3-butyric acid 250 mg∙L-1 only increased root score relative to the control, and higher IBA concentrations had no effective response on the cuttings, not being necessary to use IBA in C. galioides cuttings. The most effective treatments regarding seed germination were gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate, with germination percentages of 57.8 % and 54.5 %, respectively; stratification was not effective in increasing the germination percentage of the seeds relative to the control.

Abstract This work aimed to incorporate thyme essential oil into films composed of pectin to provide antimicrobial action to them. The effect of adding essential oil on the films' mechanical, physical-chemical, and barrier properties and their degradability was evaluated. Essential oil addition was possible by using Tween® 20 as an emulsifier, and it was possible to observe antimicrobial activity in the films containing 1.0 wt.% and 2.0 wt.% essential oil. The films containing thyme essential oil were more elastic and thicker but less resistant, with high permeability to water vapor and more hydrophilic relative to other formulations. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the presence of heterogeneities in the formulations with essential oil. The films produced using the optimized formulation (30 wt.% glycerol, 1.0 wt.% thyme essential oil, and 0.5 wt.% Tween® 20 relative to pectin mass) degraded entirely after 24 days of exposure to standard soil.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate granulation incidence and severity and quality parameters of ‘Monte Parnaso’ navel orange in different harvest and collection dates. The 2018 and 2019 harvests were evaluated, and the collection dates of 0, 15, 30, and 45 days after commercial collection. The evaluated parameters were granulation incidence and severity, fruit weight, longitudinal and transversal diameters, peel thickness, juice content, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, SS/TA ratio, and ascorbic acid content. The results underwent chi-squared to evaluate granulation incidence and severity, and analysis of variance for the quality parameters; occurring statistical difference, the means were compared by Tukey’s multiple range test at 5 % probability. Granulation incidence and severity were not related to collection time. Only severity was related to the harvest. The quality parameters were influenced significantly only by the harvest factor, with exception of the parameters of titratable acidity, influenced only by the factor collection date, and ascorbic acid content, which presented interaction between factors. Granulation incidence and severity were higher in the larger and heavier fruits. The frequency of fruits in the categories of higher severity (> 50 %) was higher in the 2018 harvest than in the one of 2019.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate different concentrations of ethephon on Fortune plum ripening, also observing the effect of ethephon concentration on the fruit parameters of yield, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, firmness, wooliness, diameter, length, and average fruit mass at harvest and post-harvest. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replications, each experimental unit consisting of four plants. The ethephon concentrations of zero, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg∙L-1 were applied on the plums 20 days before the estimated harvest time. The results indicated that ethephon application induced a higher fruit yield in earlier harvest time, but with no effect on overall yield. Relative to the quality characteristics, the application of ethephon induced a reduction of fruit firmness, soluble solids content, and titratable acidity. Fruit length was not affected. The parameters of soluble solids, titratable acidity, and firmness presented a negative significant correlation with the ethephon dose. Relative to post-storage evaluation, the ethephon application induced a higher SS/TA ratio, and lower wooliness, titratable acidity, and soluble solids content. The parameters of soluble solids and titratable acidity presented a significant negative correlation, whereas the SS/TA ratio was positively correlated with the ethephon dose.

Abstract Anticarsia gemmatalis, commonly known as soybean caterpillar, causes important economic losses in soybean crops. Synthetic pesticides are the standard practice to control this insect. However, the indiscriminate use of these substances has increased the resistance of this pest. Thus, it is necessary to search for different control alternatives that are also more environmentally friendly. The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition of Lavandula dentata L. essential oil (EO) and its activity on A. gemmatalis. The major compounds of essential oil were 1,8-cineole (31.5 wt.%), camphor (16.6 wt.%), and fenchone (15.9 wt.%). Bioassays were performed with third-instar caterpillars. EO concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0% v/v were diluted in Tween-80® 0.5% v/v and incorporated into the artificial diet given to caterpillars. Water, Tween-80® 0.5% v/v, and novaluron 0.075% w/v were added as negative and positive controls. For the aversion tests, soybean leaf discs were immersed in solutions with 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0% v/v of EO, plus a negative control (water), and offered to caterpillars. In the bioassay, 100% mortality was observed from the concentration 0.6% v/v of the essential oil of L. dentata in 24 h; without statistical difference from 0.4 and 0.5% v/v. There was no important change in mortality between 24 and 72 h. In the aversion test, all EO treatments caused deterrence of caterpillars when compared to control, but without difference between EO concentrations. It was observed that L. dentata EO can be used as an alternative in the control of A. gemmatalis.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the biomass and essential oil production of nine populations of poejo (Cunila galioides) cultivated in five agroecological regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, under different edaphoclimatic conditions. The experiments were performed in field conditions in Erechim, Caxias do Sul, Pelotas, São Francisco de Paula, and Santa Vitoria do Palmar. The experimental design was completely randomized, with nine populations, eight plants per plot and four repetitions. The following were evaluated: biomass production and essential oil chemical composition and yield. The data underwent ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple range test. The adaptability and stability of the populations in the different environments were also evaluated by regression analysis. The results showed great differences between the populations and cultivation sites, with genotype vs. environment interaction. Most populations presented the best biomass production results at Erechim. Pelotas and Santa Vitória do Palmar were the worst locations for poejo production, mainly due to a water deficit occurred during the experiment. The Santa Lucia population presented broad stability and the greatest adaptability to the environments for biomass and essential oil production, but its average production was not satisfactory. The André da Rocha population presented the highest average production of essential oil, and was favored in favorable environments. Regarding essential oil chemical composition, the populations kept stable contents of the major compounds at all locations, with a few variations. In some populations, a higher concentration of sesquiterpenes was observed, which can be attributed to environmental stress.

Abstract Anticarsia gemmatalis is one of the main pests of the soybean crop, being controlled mainly with agrochemicals. The environmental and health risks, as well as the development of resistance by the pests, has led to the search for alternative control measures, aiming to use more eco-friendly procedures. The objective of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition and the bioactivity of Schinus molle and Schinus terebinthifolia essential oils (EOs) on A. gemmatalis. The major compound in both EOs was α-pinene (60.04 wt.% for S. molle and 38.49 wt.% for S. terebinthifolia). Bioassays were carried out with third instar larvae, with five replicates and each replicate with ten larvae, totaling 50 larvae per treatment. The oils were incorporated in the artificial diet (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% v/v). The controls were: water, Tween-80® 0.5% v/v, and novaluron 0.075% v/v. According to the Probit method, the S. terebinthifolia EO presented a LC50 of 1.74% v/v (1.58-1.97% v/v); it was not possible to determine the LC50 for the S. molle EO. The mortality percentage after 24 and 48 h was 52% and 30% at 2.0% v/v for S. terebinthifolia and S. molle oil, respectively. After 72 h, the mortality rate for S. molle EO have not changed; for S. terebinthifolia EO it increased to 70%; the larvae treated with the chemical control (synthetic insecticide) had a mortality of 100%.

Abstract Whey, a by-product of dairy industry, is a feedstock widely employed in the production of biodegradable films. However, these films present some limitations when considering the performance of synthetic polymers, especially biological transformation by decomposition. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of chitosan addition to whey-based films to improve films physical-chemical properties and resistance to microbial degradation. The results showed that there was an interaction effect between the chitosan concentration and the storage time for the physical-chemical properties of elongation at break and opacity. There was statistical difference among the formulations; however, for the moisture content and film thickness, there was no interaction effect between the formulation and the storage time. The films with 1.5 and 3.0 wt.% chitosan presented a yellowish hue, characteristic of the polysaccharide; this could also be detected by SEM analysis. The films presented an excellent biodegradability, being decomposed in about 8 days. Considering all chitosan contents tested had similar performances, the chitosan content of 0.15 wt.% was the one with the better cost-benefit relation.